The beginning of the caste system in Indian society is found in which text?

• A. Vedas
• B. Law of Manu
• C. Upanishads
• D. Bhagavad Gita

Answer: (B)

The main idea here is how caste became a formal, prescriptive system with defined duties and social rules. The Law of Manu does this by compiling and codifying the duties, privileges, and restrictions of each varna, along with rules for conduct, marriage, and ritual status. This Dharma Shastra text is widely viewed as the point where caste practices were turned into a formal code, shaping social life for centuries.

In contrast, the Vedas contain early references to varna as social categories but without a comprehensive legal code. The Upanishads focus on philosophy and the nature of reality rather than social structure. The Bhagavad Gita discusses duties within a narrative and ethical framework, not the origin or codification of the caste system. So, the Law of Manu is the best answer because it specifically codifies and systematizes caste roles and duties.